Wood-pasture and Parkland BNG Units
Very high
Woodland and forest
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Trusted by Developers and Landowners
What is Wood-pasture and Parkland?
Wood-pasture and Parkland are mosaic habitats of open grassland, heath or rough pasture with scattered open-grown trees. These trees are often ancient, veteran or historically pollarded and shaped by long-term grazing.
Unlike closed woodland, this habitat maintains a semi-open structure. Grazing animals prevent canopy closure, creating a landscape of individual trees, scrub clumps and open sward. Veteran trees with decay features such as hollows, rot holes, deadwood, and cavities are central to its ecological value. Animal dung, nectar-rich grassland and structural continuity support specialist fungi, lichens, invertebrates, birds and bats.
Many sites have historic origins in medieval forests, deer parks, and commons.
Why It Matters for BNG
Wood-pasture and Parkland generate high distinctiveness biodiversity units where ancient veteran trees are present, the habitat carries irreplaceable status under planning policy. Off-site BNG delivery through condition improvement on existing sites offers strong and well-evidenced unit yield.
Learn more about BNG for landowners →
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Where You'll Find It
Wood-pasture and Parkland is found across lowland and upland Britain, most commonly associated with historic deer parks, ancient commons, Royal Forests, estate parklands and grazed wood-edges that have never been converted to arable or intensive grassland.
Smaller but ecologically important fragments survive on farms, estate grounds, old commons and upland edge sites where traditional pastoral management has been maintained or only recently interrupted.
Soil & Site Requirements
Wood-pasture and parkland develops across a wide range of soil types, from heavy clays and silty loams in lowland parklands to thin acidic soils on upland commons. Soil pH varies depending on the underlying geology, but unimproved or semi-improved conditions are essential — no cultivation, reseeding or fertiliser application within the drip lines of veteran trees. The habitat's defining soil feature is long-term continuity of low-intensity grazing without nutrient enrichment, which sustains the unimproved grassland and heath communities of the open sward.
How New Wood-pasture and Parkland Is Created
Inputs
Select open sites with existing mature or veteran trees
Plant scattered open-grown trees of locally native species and appropriate form
Use the same species and growth forms as any existing veteran trees on site
Avoid planting in dense blocks; prioritise open-grown, free-standing trees
Source planting stock from locally native provenances
Management
Introduce light year-round grazing with cattle or sheep
Fence and protect newly planted trees against browsing and bark damage
Monitor sward structure and adjust stocking to maintain 10–20% open space
Avoid cultivation, drainage improvement or fertiliser application
Landscape
Position creation adjacent to existing wood-pasture, ancient woodland or veteran tree features
Plan for a 30-year management horizon with legal agreements
Ensure long-term management commitments are in place
How Existing Wood-pasture and Parkland Is Improved
Inputs
Score current condition using the 13-criterion woodland condition sheet
Identify which indicators are failing, open space, veteran trees and deadwood
Map veteran trees individually and record their condition, features and any immediate threats
Introduce appropriate native shrubs and understorey species
Management
Retain all standing and fallen deadwood
Fence off individual veteran trees from livestock
Manage native scrub in varied heights across the site
Apply a stocking calendar with lighter grazing in spring and summe
Spot-treat invasive bracken, nettles and non-native species using targeted herbicide or weed-wipe application
Do not apply broad fertilisers, pesticides or manures
Plan for veteran tree succession
Landscape
Restore adjacent fields or improved grassland to extend the open mosaic and buffer veteran trees from agricultural pressures
Design boundaries as graded transitions into scrub, hedgerow or unimproved grassland
Protect historic landscape features including park boundaries, ridge and furrow, earthworks and veteran tree lines within 0.5 m uncultivated buffers
Target Condition
Wood-pasture and parkland in Good condition should:
• Contain multiple tree age classes including veterans
• Maintain 10–20% open grazed space
• Support ≥2 veteran trees per hectare
• Retain standing and fallen deadwood
• Show active regeneration of native trees
• Have low invasive species cover
• Maintain balanced grazing pressure
The BNG Value of Wood-pasture and Parkland
• Distinctiveness: Very High
• Condition Potential: Moderate uplift possible through grazing balance and regeneration
• Restoration Pathway: Enhancement of existing mosaics; true recreation is long-term
• Strategic Value: One of the most valuable woodland mosaics for saproxylic species and veteran tree networks
Species Typical of Wood-pasture and Parkland
Canopy or Primary Layer
• Oak
• Beech (Fagus sylvatica)
• Ash (Fraxinus excelsior)
• Sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa)
Shrub or Secondary Layer
• Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna)
• Blackthorn
• Hazel
• Holly (Ilex aquifolium)
Ground Flora or Understorey
• Rough grassland species
• Meadow grasses (e.g. Festuca rubra, Poa trivialis)
• Heath species (on acidic sites) (e.g. Calluna vulgaris, Erica cinerea)
• Nectar-rich herbs
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Frequently Asked Questions
What is Wood-pasture and Parkland?
Wood-pasture and Parkland Habitat is a high distinctiveness priority habitat combining open-grown veteran trees with a grazed understorey of grassland, heath or scrub. It is defined by the co-existence of trees at all stages of life.
How is BNG measured here?
Condition is assessed using 13 scored indicators across age structure, native species diversity, regeneration, open space, veteran trees, deadwood, ground flora, vertical structure, herbivore damage, invasive species and disturbance.
How can I achieve BNG?
The most effective route is improving condition on existing sites by addressing the weakest indicators. Through enhancement of grazing balance, veteran protection and regeneration planning.
What is the BNG target condition?
Good condition with ≥2 veterans per hectare, balanced openness and strong structural diversity.
What management is required?
Long-term management focuses on maintaining the open mosaic through balanced grazing, protecting veteran trees from root compaction and bark damage, retaining all deadwood features, managing native scrub for structural diversity, and preventing nutrient enrichment or soil disturbance.
Exploring Other Habitats?
Line of Trees
A Line of Trees in BNG is a row or corridor of trees forming a clear linear feature in the landscape. It is made up of individual trees spaced closely enough to create a recognisable boundary or route through farmland, estates or river corridors. These lines often follow historic field edges, green lanes or trackways and can include banks or ditches alongside them.
Some lines are simple boundary features, while others hold greater ecological value because they contain mature or veteran trees, standing deadwood, cavities and other natural features that support birds, bats and invertebrates.
Native Hedgerow
A Native Hedgerow BNG habitat is a linear woody habitat where more than 80% of the shrub and tree cover consists of native species. Structurally, native hedgerows consist of a dense shrub layer commonly dominated by species such as hawthorn, blackthorn and hazel, often with standard trees including oak or ash emerging above the canopy.
Ecologically Valuable Line of Trees
An Ecologically Valuable Line of Trees is a high-distinctiveness linear habitat consisting of a continuous or near-continuous arrangement of trees over 20 metres in length, typically less than 5 metres wide between major stems, and distinguished by structural features that support specialist wildlife. Unlike standard lines of trees, this habitat includes at least one tree with veteran characteristics or natural ecological niches such as cavities, standing or attached deadwood, ivy cover or loose bark.
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